Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary, degenerative brain disorder marked by loss of movement, intellectual functions, and stability of mind. HD results due to a faulty chromosome 4, which leads to degeneration of brain tissues.

The symptoms of Huntington’s disease typically begin between 30 and 50 years of age, although it can begin younger or older. Recognition of the first signs of HD is critical for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Early signs of Huntingtons Disease

The earliest signs of Huntington’s disease may be different for each individual. Yet, in large part, they all belong in a group of three categories: movement, cognitive, and psychiatric.

1. Mild Motor Signs

The first symptom of Huntington’s disease is an uncontrollable movement, which is called chorea. Such movements can start slightly, for instance:

• Mild fidgeting of, or twitching of, hands, face, or feet
• Unstable gait or minimal balance disturbances.
• Difficulty in fine motor functions, for example, writing, or buttoning a shirt.

The movements worsen in intensity and become uncontrolled as the disease progresses.

2. Cognitive Implications

A further early symptom of Huntington’s disease is cognitive impairment. This includes:

• Having trouble focusing or staying organized.
• Forgetting or difficulty in remembering information.
• Slowing of thought processing and decision-making.
• Struggling to adjust to new situations.

The cognitive disturbances may first be mistaken for normal aging, in addition to stress-related complaints.

3. Behavioral and Emotional Changes

Psychiatric signs are typically among the first obvious signs of Huntington’s disease. Some of these can be:

• Irritability or sudden mood changes.
• Anxiety, depression, or feelings of helplessness
• Social withdrawal or loss of interest in activities.
• Unpredictable, impulse-like behavior, or hostility.

Many of these changes in emotions can first be noticed by other members of a patient’s family.

Conclusion

Huntington’s disease starts off in a slight, progressive manner, which develops in intensity over time. The first signs in most cases consist of slight involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, and change in mood.

If a person is experiencing these signs, especially in a hereditary case of Huntington’s disease, it is imperative to go for medical screening for an early diagnosis and treatment.

Dr. Navin Tiwari
Consulting Neurologist